Teamwork Can Succeed Through Collaborative Consultation

We finally get to the 12th mental shift I have proposed as necessary to make early intervention focused on child and family functioning. In this post, I'll discuss teamwork, which I addressed somewhat in the last mental-shift post, how it can work in home-based and classroom-based or itinerant services, and what it means to be a collaborative consultant.

Sunrise from atop Diamond Head, Oahu

12 Mental Shifts

1. All the intervention occurs between visits.
2. Whose child is it anyway?
3. Children are learning from their caregivers, whether you want them to or not.
4.   Anyone spending time with the child has the opportunity to teach the child.
5.   Passing judgment on parents or other caregivers is a self-fulfilling prophecy.
6.   Parent failings don’t exist; only professional ones.
7.   What matters is how children function in their everyday lives. Function = participation = engagement = learning.
8.   The rush to get ahead leads to failure in early intervention.
9.   It’s about getting children engaged, independent, and in social relationships.
10.   It’s about helping families feel confident in their competence with their children.
11.   Too many cooks spoil the broth.
12. Teamwork can succeed through collaborative consultation.

Teamwork

What happened to teamwork in early intervention 0-5? If we ever had it, it certainly is missing in many places. The paper team is the myriad of people on the IFSP/IEP, but they don't necessarily communicate, as I mentioned in the last post. The "geographic team," as Rush and Shelden describe it are the people who actually function as a team: They work together, usually with numerous shared children and families. In the classic format (i.e., true to the coaching approach developed by Dathan and M'Lisa), every child and family have a team of an educator (or similar generalist), an OT, a PT, and an SLP. In the Routines-Based Model (RBM), we don't necessarily have all these people: We have only those needed to address the outcomes. We start with the primary service provider and add others who are needed to support the PSP for specific outcomes/goals. The coaching approach and the RBM, which are more similar to than different from each other, emphasize that professionals helping the family need to interact in supportive ways and, most important, in ways that support the caregiver (e.g., parent, teacher) who's actually intervening with the child.

Home-Based Teamwork

In the RBM, home-based interdisciplinary team work occurs through the joint home visit. When the family and the PSP decide they need to call in someone with particular expertise, that expert--the secondary service provider--accompanies the PSP on a home visit. The focus of the visit is using that secondary's expertise. The secondary assesses the needs, which actually usually begins in consultation with the primary before the visit--maybe even in the car. During the visit, the two of them get assurance from the family about their questions. The secondary undertakes more assessment, asking more questions of the parent or interacting with the child directly. In our model, we emphasize that what a child does for a visiting professional is only relevant if it reflects what the child does in ordinary routines. But sometimes a physical therapist might need to handle a child to ascertain tonicity, for example. Or a speech-language pathologist might examine a child's mouth to determine if the palate is highly arched. Or an occupational therapist might elicit the child's grasp of her finger to test the child's grasp strength. The secondary is there to help answer the questions Why is the child doing or not doing something? and What might caregivers do about it?

The extent of collaboration involved in the secondary's consultation can vary. Secondaries trained in the RBM, for example, would use our procedures for collaborative consultation, which involves asking many questions before arriving at a solution. It is acceptable, however, for the secondary to put forward a number of suggestions in a somewhat non-collaborative manner, in the spirit of giving information. "You could try this, or perhaps that. Maybe this." The primary would follow this up with the family using what we call family consultation, which is collaborative consultation with the family. The joint home visit is primarily for the secondary to impart information; write to me for a copy of the Joint Home Visit Checklist.

Classroom-Based Teamwork

Joint home visit in eastern Paraguay

If the child is served in a classroom (e.g., child care program, Head Start classroom, preschool), the teamwork is between the teacher and the person visiting the room. Two types of visitors are (a) the usual person who comes to the classroom to support the teacher, who might be a PSP, and (b) a specialist. When using a PSP approach, with a generalist helping the classroom staff with any outcomes/goals on the plan, the secondary specialists make joint visits, like joint home visits. Most visits, however, consist of the primary visiting the teachers. In the RBM, we provide guidance both for the visitor and the teachers. The visitor uses collaborative consultation, meaning he or she asks questions before making a suggestion. The teacher gives context to the conversation, sometimes comes to an intervention conclusion simply based on the conversation, assesses whether a suggestion the visitor makes is likely to work, and determines the feasibility of carrying out the intervention. In the process of discussing an intervention, the visitor might demonstrate the intervention or observe the teacher trying it out. Visits to classrooms are not to work with the child; they are to build the capacity of the adults who spend hours with the child.

Other situations and opportunities abound for professionals to work together for the good of the child and family, such as team assessments, meetings, communication (e-mail, phone, text, etc.). The principles on which I have based this post are 

• Team members should be building caregivers' capacity in all their work;
• Team members should give freely of their expertise, when that's what's wanted; and
• When finding interventions, professionals should consult collaboratively with caregivers.
   

Sorry about the font. Blogger is being uncooperative about allowing me to change it all to Arial.

Mental Shift 11: Too Many Cooks Spoil the Broth

Got a need? Get a service.

That mentality has pervaded the field of early intervention 0-5, where we have seen the mindless piling on of services, families desperate for more services and more hours of those services, and professionals working to keep families dependent on their weekly sessions. But more is not better. In fact, it might be worse. In 2007, Dunst, Hamby, and Brookfield found that early intervention program service intensity had direct negative effects on self-efficacy beliefs and parent and family well-being. On the other hand, family-centered early intervention practices had direct and indirect positive effects. In a study of factors associated with parental stress and satisfaction during the diagnosis of children with autism spectrum disorders in Singapore, higher parental stress was associated with more professionals consulted and lower collaboration with professionals (Moh & Magiati, 2012). In a study conducted for his dissertation, my postdoctoral fellow, Pau García Grau, found that the number of professionals working with the family was inversely related to family quality of life.

Why is more not better and even possibly worse? First, the multidisciplinary approach to service delivery, defined as different professionals each doing their own thing and not talking to each other, can leave important child and family needs unmet. Each horse has its racing blinkers on and relentlessly pursues its discipline-specific race. Therefore, these professsionals conduct fairly narrow assessments—they’re interested only in their own discipline—and provide treatment based on that narrow and often decontextualized assessment. The problem is that child and family needs often fall between these narrow tracks. Which discipline is in charge of the child’s highly restrictive food acceptance? Which deals with the child’s tantrums during hair washing? Which one deals with the child’s anxiety? Which deals with the child’s lack of interest in toys? Which one deals with the mother’s depression when she is home alone with her child? Which one deals with the father’s yearning to get a college education? Which one deals with the young mother’s disempowerment, living with her own mother?

Second, dealing with many professionals can be time consuming. We should take this “opportunity cost” into consideration, when analyzing the impact of the number of professionals. At first, families are delighted to have so many people on the so-called team. They feel they’re doing what’s best for their children. But as the months go by, the toll of taking the child for services, being home for them, or handling communication with the school-based ones can become a drag. I once interviewed, for a research project, a young mother in a housing project in Pittsburg. Her child had significant disabilities. She was clearly intelligent but with limited education. She had taught herself a lot, not just about her child’s problems but about life in general. She was unemployed. When I asked her if she was leading the kind of life she wanted to, she said, “What choice do I have? I have to take him to therapy.” She described how, on 2-4 days a week, she had to take him to the bus stop and take two buses to the clinic where he received occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech therapy. She also had to be home one day a week, at least for an hour, to receive home-based early intervention from an educator. 

“Has anyone ever talked to you about alternatives, so he can get the help he needs and you can have a job?” She snorted a sardonic laugh. 

“No one has even asked me what I want.”

The number of problems with this scenario is too enormous and wearying to list. And this is not an isolated, unique case. We hear stories like this all the time. A few weeks ago, the New York Times reported that scores of families in northeast Brazil who had a baby with microcephaly from the zika virus were getting on buses at 3 in the morning to go to Recife, hours away, for the child to be seen in short sessions by various therapists, then trekking all the way back. Everyone assumes this life is what you get when you have a child with significant disabilities. It’s unnecessary, costly, and damaging. Damaging in two ways. First, it deprives the family of opportunities to spend their time doing something more fun or productive. Second, it teaches the family incorrectly—that these injections of therapy, out of context make a difference. That this is how children learn. Any time we give parents wrong information, we are damaging their parenting and therefore the child’s development. We are turning parents from “teachers” (the natural role of parents) to chauffeurs. (That’s what we’re supposed to be when soccer, gymnastics, and swim team begin!)

The third problem with having too many cooks in the kitchen is that it’s a waste of resources. In my consulting work, I am often presented with an overview of the service delivery method and then asked for advice on how to make the resources stretch further. They might have waiting lists, they might have reduced home visits to monthly (checking in, not digging in, as Dathan Rush says), or they might have shortened their visits to half an hour. I look at service plans, which go by different names in different parts of the world, and I see a slew of professionals on each plan, all with considerable intensity—often weekly. (If you think that sending a different kind of professional into the home each week—say, four professionals a month, visiting monthly—is a good solution, think again!) A waste of resources is less important than misleading families but it also has an impact on families. If family wants a consultation from a physical therapist, for example, but the PTs are all booked up because they’re seeing everyone weekly, the family might have to wait a long time or go elsewhere. 

A fourth problem is that professionals who work with the family independently often give conflicting information. They also assume that the parent will consider their own intervention suggestions as the top priority. When you have four professionals each thinking that, someone’s going to be disappointed. 

Nova Scotia, June 2017

The best solution is a primary service provider. The PSP approach fosters teamwork, uses resources wisely, gives the family a unified support, and reinforces in families the fact that children learn throughout the day from the adults caring for them.

How Did Early Intervention for Infants and Toddlers Get to Be Such a Mess, in Some States?

In a New York Times editorial this morning (June 19, 2017), Christy Ford Chapin, a historian at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, blames the insurance company model on our messed-up health care system. She points out it’s not the care that’s messed up; it’s the cost structure. When the American Medical Association went to bed with insurance companies, health care moved to a fee-for-service payment approach. 

In early intervention for children 0-3 and their families, we have a similar history but it most definitely has hurt the quality of services or “care.” State administrators of Part C programs and some consultants realized that insurance would pay for the therapies—occupational, physical, and speech-language. Furthermore, Medicaid would pay for these and “targeted case management.” Some states have even persuaded their Medicaid programs to pay for “developmental therapy,” or whatever term is used in that state for special instruction or family counseling. A side note is that states are all over the place with the service provided by the nontherapy generalist—from states that rigidly insist on hiring only early childhood special educators to those that hire a myriad of professionals in that role: early childhood educators, psychologists, counselors, and so on.

Back to the insurance company model, the fee-for-service method, in which people are paid only for the time they spend in direct service with the child, is the main method in states using a vendor model. Here, the service coordinator, a technically defined position, finds services, theoretically to address the outcomes/goals on the individualized family service plan. These “dedicated” service coordinators are not service providers in vendor-model states; they help the family arrange for resources including services and they are not necessarily trained in child development or family functioning. They are therefore in a difficult position to make decisions about what services are needed. So they often resort to mindless assignment of services matching any deficits the child has. For example, if the child is behind in language development, a speech-language “pathologist” is put on the plan; if behind in gross motor development, a physical therapist; if behind in fine motor, an occupational therapist; if behind in cognitive or social, a special instructor. This idea that you have a different specialist for each area of development is the multidisciplinary approach, in which each person does his or her own thing and they don’t talk to each other. In fact, in the vendor model, they might all come from different agencies or be independent vendors.

They often resort to mindless assignment of services matching any deficits the child has

Not only do we have the mindless piling on of services, but the incentives are in place to have a high frequency of services. The first incentive is that, in the fee-for-service model, the more you see the child the more money you get. The second incentive is that, when you operate in a multidisciplinary approach, you think only of your interventions; you might not even know about the other professionals’ interventions. So your demands on the family might not be appropriate for their daily life. 

One of the worst outcomes of the insurance company model is that families get the wrong idea about how children learn and how services work. They see what’s recommended and what professionals do (seeing the child every week for a 1-hour session) and they come to the logical conclusion that these sessions are effective. Yet everyone understands that children don’t learn in single sessions in a week. I hope everyone understands that! Furthermore, any one so-called intervention in that session lasts probably no more than 15 minutes, because of the child’s attention span and tolerance level. So, really, 15 minutes a week—for an infant or toddler….

In the past 10 years or so, a number of states have realized the error of their ways, but breaking out of the golden handcuffs of insurance and Medicaid payment isn’t easy. States organizing services in geographic teams under contracts with the state have provided better services—more coordinated, generally addressing the whole child and family instead of a blinkered discipline focus. And this nonvendor or “program” approach doesn’t preclude using third-party payments. That’s the important part that state administrators need to realize. Insurance companies often won’t pay for special instruction, which is the most common service in Part C. Some states have, as I mentioned earlier, worked with their Medicaid office to get developmental intervention paid for, but they have to be careful that the tail doesn’t wag the dog: If Medicaid uses a fee-for-service method of payment, quality can suffer.

States organizing services in geographic teams under contracts with the state have provided better services

 What exactly is wrong with fee for service? First, it encourages a more-is-better mentality, and we have emerging evidence that more is worse, in some situations, such as more services and more frequent visits by multiple providers. Second, much early intervention happens when not in direct contact with the child, which fee for service usually doesn’t cover. For example, meeting with the family without the child or when the child’s asleep. Or meeting with other people working with the family. Or looking for a resource for the family. 

When we know how messed up the health care system is, why would we replicate it in early intervention?